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Home»Articles»Determination of Metal Hazard in the Processed E-Waste Types, Floor Dust and Pulverized Epoxy Powder Generated at an E-Waste Handling Site in India

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Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology (AJEAT)

Editor Dr. Seshadri Ramkumar
Print ISSN : 2249-068X
Frequency : Quarterly

Determination of Metal Hazard in the Processed E-Waste Types, Floor Dust and Pulverized Epoxy Powder Generated at an E-Waste Handling Site in India

Author : P. Wagdevi, R. Jayakumar, P. Rajaguru, S. Muralidharan, A. Kaja Maideen and Prakasham Karthikeyan
Volume 8 No.1 January-March 2019 pp 55-59

Abstract

At the e-waste handling site, the obsolete electronic items are dismantled and it releases dust laden with fine metallic fragments, called as floor dust. Further, the broken cables are denuded from its plastic insulation and shredded to fine grained pulverized epoxy powder. These two-processed e-wastes appear to contain metal residues. Hence, the aim is to examine the metal composition and identify the hazard, if any. Pulverized epoxy powder measured high values of Cd (7.43±0.48 μg/g), Pb (338.85±0.13 μg/g), Ni (534.62±53.68 μg/g), Li (30.12±0.02 μg/g), K (508109.90±31605.89 μg/g), Ca (817395.40±2.52 μg/g) and Na (3528.00±539.07 μg/g) while floor dust had high levels of Cr (39.61±5.78 μg/g), Cu (4778.14±861.91 μg/g), Zn (4172.88±821.75 μg/g), Fe (11164.90±1111.61 μg/g) and Se (1613.00±259.04 μg/g) with significant differences (p<0.05). The worn out electronic oddments attributes to high levels of metals. Principal component analysis could extract two components accounting for 78% variance in total. Although the values are less in comparison with the statutory limits, the processed e-wastes still pose a risk of metal toxicity due to their high volume. The composition of metals in the processed e-wastes presents us a new challenge to handle them.

Keywords

E-Waste Handling, Floor Dust, Pulverized Epoxy Powder, Metals

Full Text:

References

[1] C. P. Balde, V. Forti, V. Gray, R. Kuehr and P. Stegmann, “The Global E-waste Monitor – 2017” ,United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association(ISWA), Bonn/Geneva/Vienna..
[2] A. K. Awasthi, X. Zeng and L. Li, “Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review”, Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 23, No. 12, pp. 11509-32, 2016.
[3] A. Chen, K. N. Dietrich and S. Ho, “Developmental Neuro toxicants in E-Waste: An Emerging Health Concern”, Environ Health Perspect, Vol. 119, pp.431-438, 2011
[4] M. Dwivedy and R.K. Mittal, “An investigation into e-waste flows in India”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 37, pp. 229-242, 2012.
[5] J. Zheng, L. Xj, J. G. Yuan, L. Y. He, Y.H. Zhou, Y. Luo, S.J. Chen, B.X. Mai and Z.Y. Yang, “Heavy metals in hair of residents in an e-waste recycling area, South China: Contents and assessment of bodily state”, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, Vol. 61, pp. 696-703, 2011.
[6] J. K. Pradhan and S. Kumar, “Informal e-waste recycling: environmental risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in Mandoli industrial area, Delhi”, India Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 21, pp. 7913–7928, 2014.
[7] A. K. Awasthi, X. Zeng and J. Li, “Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review”, Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 23, No. 12, pp.11509-32, 2016.
[8] K. L. Njoku, M. O. Akinola, and C.C. Anigbogu, “Vermiremediation of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Products using Eisenia fetida”, Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management , Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 771-779, 2016.
[9] M. B. Ogundiran, T. G. Buluku, J. O. Babayemi and O. Osibanjo, “Waste rechargeable electric lamps: characterisation and recovery of lead from their lead-acid batteries”, J Mater Cycles Waste Management, Vol. 19, pp. 163–171, 2017.
[10] B. Divya, S. Harish, K. Ramaswamy, M. Kishorebabu, N. Raju, R. Govindaiah, U. Rambabu and N. R. Munirathnam, “Estimation of Cd, Pb and flame retardants in electric mosquito bat using EDXRF, ICP-OES, AAS and GC–MS” , Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 14, No.12, pp. 2603–2612, 2017.
[11] F. Xu, Y. Liu, J. Wang, G. Zhang, W. Zhang, L. Liu, J. Wang, B. Pan and K. Lin, “Characterization of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants in the indoor and outdoor dust of e-waste workshops: implication for on-site human exposure”, Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 22, pp. 5469–5480, 2015.
[12] J. K. Pradhan and S. Kumar, “Informal e-waste recycling: environmental risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in Mandoli industrial area, Delhi”, India Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 21, pp. 7913–7928, 2014
[13] M. S. Sonmez and R. V. Kumar, “Leaching of waste battery paste components. Part 2: Leaching and desulphurisation of PbSO4 by citric acid and sodium citrate solution”, Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 95, No. 1-2, pp. 82-86, 2009.
[14] M. G. Lionetto, C. Antonio and S. Trifone, “Earthworm Biomarkers as Tools for Soil Pollution Assessment”, Soil Health and Land Use Management, pp. 305-332, 2012.
[15] K. Zheng, Z. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Cui and M. Li, “Toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to metal-contaminated soils”, Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 8382-90, 2013[1] C. P. Balde, V. Forti, V. Gray, R. Kuehr and P. Stegmann, “The Global E-waste Monitor – 2017” ,United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association(ISWA), Bonn/Geneva/Vienna..
[2] A. K. Awasthi, X. Zeng and L. Li, “Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review”, Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 23, No. 12, pp. 11509-32, 2016.
[3] A. Chen, K. N. Dietrich and S. Ho, “Developmental Neuro toxicants in E-Waste: An Emerging Health Concern”, Environ Health Perspect, Vol. 119, pp.431-438, 2011
[4] M. Dwivedy and R.K. Mittal, “An investigation into e-waste flows in India”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 37, pp. 229-242, 2012.
[5] J. Zheng, L. Xj, J. G. Yuan, L. Y. He, Y.H. Zhou, Y. Luo, S.J. Chen, B.X. Mai and Z.Y. Yang, “Heavy metals in hair of residents in an e-waste recycling area, South China: Contents and assessment of bodily state”, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, Vol. 61, pp. 696-703, 2011.
[6] J. K. Pradhan and S. Kumar, “Informal e-waste recycling: environmental risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in Mandoli industrial area, Delhi”, India Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 21, pp. 7913–7928, 2014.
[7] A. K. Awasthi, X. Zeng and J. Li, “Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review”, Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 23, No. 12, pp.11509-32, 2016.
[8] K. L. Njoku, M. O. Akinola, and C.C. Anigbogu, “Vermiremediation of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Products using Eisenia fetida”, Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management , Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 771-779, 2016.
[9] M. B. Ogundiran, T. G. Buluku, J. O. Babayemi and O. Osibanjo, “Waste rechargeable electric lamps: characterisation and recovery of lead from their lead-acid batteries”, J Mater Cycles Waste Management, Vol. 19, pp. 163–171, 2017.
[10] B. Divya, S. Harish, K. Ramaswamy, M. Kishorebabu, N. Raju, R. Govindaiah, U. Rambabu and N. R. Munirathnam, “Estimation of Cd, Pb and flame retardants in electric mosquito bat using EDXRF, ICP-OES, AAS and GC–MS” , Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 14, No.12, pp. 2603–2612, 2017.
[11] F. Xu, Y. Liu, J. Wang, G. Zhang, W. Zhang, L. Liu, J. Wang, B. Pan and K. Lin, “Characterization of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants in the indoor and outdoor dust of e-waste workshops: implication for on-site human exposure”, Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 22, pp. 5469–5480, 2015.
[12] J. K. Pradhan and S. Kumar, “Informal e-waste recycling: environmental risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in Mandoli industrial area, Delhi”, India Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 21, pp. 7913–7928, 2014
[13] M. S. Sonmez and R. V. Kumar, “Leaching of waste battery paste components. Part 2: Leaching and desulphurisation of PbSO4 by citric acid and sodium citrate solution”, Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 95, No. 1-2, pp. 82-86, 2009.
[14] M. G. Lionetto, C. Antonio and S. Trifone, “Earthworm Biomarkers as Tools for Soil Pollution Assessment”, Soil Health and Land Use Management, pp. 305-332, 2012.
[15] K. Zheng, Z. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Cui and M. Li, “Toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to metal-contaminated soils”, Environ Sci Pollut Res, Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 8382-90, 2013

Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology is a peer-reviewed International research journal aiming at promoting and publishing original high quality research in all disciplines of engineering and applied technology. All research articles submitted to AJEAT should be original in nature, never previously published in any journal or presented in a conference or undergoing such process across the world. All the submissions will be peer-reviewed by the panel of experts associated with particular field. Submitted papers should meet the internationally accepted criteria and manuscripts should follow the style of the journal for the purpose of both reviewing and editing.

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At the e-waste handling site, the obsolete electronic items are dismantled and it releases dust laden with fine metallic fragments, called as floor dust. Further, the broken cables are denuded from its plastic insulation and shredded to fine grained pulverized epoxy powder. These two-processed e-wastes appear to contain metal residues. Hence, the aim is to examine the metal composition and identify the hazard, if any. Pulverized epoxy powder measured high values of Cd (7.43±0.48 μg/g), Pb (338.85±0.13 μg/g), Ni (534.62±53.68 μg/g), Li (30.12±0.02 μg/g), K (508109.90±31605.89 μg/g), Ca (817395.40±2.52 μg/g) and Na (3528.00±539.07 μg/g) while floor dust had high levels of Cr (39.61±5.78 μg/g), Cu (4778.14±861.91 μg/g), Zn (4172.88±821.75 μg/g), Fe (11164.90±1111.61 μg/g) and Se (1613.00±259.04 μg/g) with significant differences (p<0.05). The worn out electronic oddments attributes to high levels of metals. Principal component analysis could extract two components accounting for 78% variance in total. Although the values are less in comparison with the statutory limits, the processed e-wastes still pose a risk of metal toxicity due to their high volume. The composition of metals in the processed e-wastes presents us a new challenge to handle them.

Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Seshadri Ramkumar
Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Texas
[email protected]
Editorial Advisory Board
Dr. Kamarul Ariffin Bin Noordin
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]
Dr. Benjamin T.F. Chung
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, USA
[email protected]
Dr. Mohd Faiz Bin Mohd Salleh
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]
Dr. Suhana Binti Mohd Said
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]
Dr. Norrima Binti Mokhtar
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]
Dr. Mohamadariff
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]

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    Editorial Note

    Editorial Dr. Seshadri Ramkumar

    Editor-in-Chief
    Dr. Seshadri Ramkumar
    Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Texas
    [email protected]
    Editorial Advisory Board
    Dr. Kamarul Ariffin Bin Noordin
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]
    Dr. Benjamin T.F. Chung
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, USA
    [email protected]
    Dr. Mohd Faiz Bin Mohd Salleh
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]
    Dr. Suhana Binti Mohd Said
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]
    Dr. Norrima Binti Mokhtar
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]
    Dr. Mohamadariff
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]

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