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Home»Articles»Effect of Lithium Based Admixtures on Alkali Silica Reaction in Concrete and Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Beams

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Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology (AJEAT)

Editor Dr. Seshadri Ramkumar
Print ISSN : 2249-068X
Frequency : Quarterly

Effect of Lithium Based Admixtures on Alkali Silica Reaction in Concrete and Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Beams

Author : S. Sathya and R. Manju
Volume 7 No.1 Special Issue:April 2018 pp 52-59

Abstract

In recycling of lithium-ion batteries, lithium is a challenging element, which possesses great threat to the environment. The disposal of electronic waste is a major problem, which our country is currently facing, whereas, the lithium is one of the compound in electronic waste which challenges the recycling of lithium-ion batteries. If lithium is properly extracted, it can be used for structural engineering purpose. Lithium, if used in concrete, it controls the cracks due to alkali silica reaction (ASR), resulting in increased strength and durability of the concrete. Lithium based admixtures are effective in suppression of alkali silica reaction and delayed ettringite formation, if the dosage added in concrete is appropriate. The main objective of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of LiNO3 at various dosage levels in concrete. In this paper, the effect of LiNO3 on the mechanical properties of concrete, ASR gel formation and the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete rectangular beams are studied. The mechanical properties of concrete was investigated for six mix proportions comprising of control mix, lithium nitrate at 0.6M, 0.65M, 0.7M, 0.75M, 0.8M. LiNO3 not only prevents the ASR gel formation, but also it has great influence on mechanical properties of concrete. The results indicate that the concrete with 0.75M LiNO3 has higher strength values. SEM analysis has been performed for 0.75M and control mix to study the micro characteristics of concrete. The ASR gel formed in 0.75M has been suppressed as compared to that of concrete without lithium nitrate as an admixture. The durability studies are performed in concrete for water permeability, water absorption and rapid chloride penetration characteristics. The analytical study of flexural behavior of reinforced concrete rectangular beam is done using the software ANSYS 16.0.

Keywords

Alkali Aggregate Reaction, Cracks, Lithium admixtures, Optimum Dosage, Mechanical Properties, Durability Properties, Flexural Property

Full Text:

References

[1] R. Manju and S. Sathya, “Effect of lithium based admixture on alkali aggregate reaction in concrete: A state of art Report”, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Vol. 8, No. 9, pp. 299–304, September 2017.
[2] M. J. Millard and K. E. Kurtis, “Effects of Lithium Nitrate admixture on early-age cement hydration”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. – 500-510, 2008.
[3] Bashar Taha and Ghassan Nounu, “Using lithium nitrate and pozzolanic glass powder in concrete as ASR suppressors”, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 497-505, 2008.
[4] Leemann, Andreas, Lörtscher Luzia Bernard, Laetitia Le Saout, Gwenn Lothenbach, Barbara Espinosa Marzal and M. Rosa “Mitigation of ASR by the use of LiNO3 – Characterization of the reaction products”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 59, pp. 73-86, 2014.
[5] Deng, Yuhai Zhang, Changqing Wei and Xiaosheng, “Influence of lithium sulfate addition on the properties of Portland cement paste”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 50, pp. 457 – 462, 2014.
[6] Craig W. Hargis, Maria C. G. Juenger, and Paulo J. M. Monteiro, “Aggregate passivation: Lithium hydroxide aggregate treatment to suppress alkali-silica reaction”, ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 110 – 567 – 575, No. 5.
[7] Farshad Rajabipour, Eric Giannini, Cyrille Dunant, Jason H. Ideker and Michael D.A. Thomas, “Alkali – silica reaction: Current understanding of the reaction mechanisms and the knowledge gaps”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 76, pp. 130 – 146.
[8] Mohammad S. Islam, Nader Ghafoori, “Experimental study and empirical modeling of lithium nitrate for alkali-silica reactivity”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 121, pp. 717 – 726, 2016.
[9] Lyndon D. Mitchell, “The effects of lithium hydroxide solution on alkali silica reaction gels created with opal”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp 641- 649, 2004.
[10] X. Feng, M. D A Thomas, T. W. Bremner, K. J. Folliard and B. Fournier, “Summary of research on the effect of LiNO3 on alkali-silica reaction in new concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 636-642, 2010.
[11] X. Feng, M. D. A. Thomas, T. W. Bremner, B. J Balcom and B. Fournier, “Studies on lithium salts to mitigate ASR-induced expansion in new concrete: A critical review”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1789 – 1796, 2005.
[12] C. L Collins, J. H. Ideker, G. S. Willis and K. E. Kurtis, “Examination of the effects of LiOH, LiCl, and LiNO₃ on alkali-silica reaction”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, 2004, No. 8, pp. 1403 – 1415
[13] Kawamura, Mitsunori and Fuwa Hirohito, “Effects of lithium salts on ASR gel composition and expansion of mortars”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 913-919, 2003.
[14] Leemann Andreas, Bernard Laetitia, Alahrache Salaheddine and Winnefeld Frank, “ASR prevention – Effect of aluminum and lithium ions on the reaction products”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 76, pp. 192 – 201, 2015.
[15] J. Zapała-Sławeta and Z,Owsiak, “The role of lithium compounds in mitigating alkali-gravel aggregate reaction”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 115, pp. 299-303, 2016
[16] Kim Taehwan and Olek Jan, “The effects of lithium ions on chemical sequence of alkali-silica reaction”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 79, pp. 159-168, 2016.
[17] M. A Bérubé, C. Tremblay, B Fournier, M. D Thomas and D. B. Stokes, “Influence of lithium-based products proposed for counteracting ASR on the chemistry of pore solution and cement hydrates”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.79, pp. 159-168, 2016.
[18] IS: 10262 – 2009 Bureau of Indian Standards -Concrete Mix Proportioning – Guidelines
[19] IS: 456 – 2000Bureau of Indian Standards – Plain and Reinforced Concrete.

Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology is a peer-reviewed International research journal aiming at promoting and publishing original high quality research in all disciplines of engineering and applied technology. All research articles submitted to AJEAT should be original in nature, never previously published in any journal or presented in a conference or undergoing such process across the world. All the submissions will be peer-reviewed by the panel of experts associated with particular field. Submitted papers should meet the internationally accepted criteria and manuscripts should follow the style of the journal for the purpose of both reviewing and editing.

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In recycling of lithium-ion batteries, lithium is a challenging element, which possesses great threat to the environment. The disposal of electronic waste is a major problem, which our country is currently facing, whereas, the lithium is one of the compound in electronic waste which challenges the recycling of lithium-ion batteries. If lithium is properly extracted, it can be used for structural engineering purpose. Lithium, if used in concrete, it controls the cracks due to alkali silica reaction (ASR), resulting in increased strength and durability of the concrete. Lithium based admixtures are effective in suppression of alkali silica reaction and delayed ettringite formation, if the dosage added in concrete is appropriate. The main objective of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of LiNO3 at various dosage levels in concrete. In this paper, the effect of LiNO3 on the mechanical properties of concrete, ASR gel formation and the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete rectangular beams are studied. The mechanical properties of concrete was investigated for six mix proportions comprising of control mix, lithium nitrate at 0.6M, 0.65M, 0.7M, 0.75M, 0.8M. LiNO3 not only prevents the ASR gel formation, but also it has great influence on mechanical properties of concrete. The results indicate that the concrete with 0.75M LiNO3 has higher strength values. SEM analysis has been performed for 0.75M and control mix to study the micro characteristics of concrete. The ASR gel formed in 0.75M has been suppressed as compared to that of concrete without lithium nitrate as an admixture. The durability studies are performed in concrete for water permeability, water absorption and rapid chloride penetration characteristics. The analytical study of flexural behavior of reinforced concrete rectangular beam is done using the software ANSYS 16.0.

Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Seshadri Ramkumar
Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Texas
[email protected]
Editorial Advisory Board
Dr. Kamarul Ariffin Bin Noordin
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]
Dr. Benjamin T.F. Chung
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, USA
[email protected]
Dr. Mohd Faiz Bin Mohd Salleh
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]
Dr. Suhana Binti Mohd Said
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]
Dr. Norrima Binti Mokhtar
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]
Dr. Mohamadariff
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]

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    Editorial Note

    Editorial Dr. Seshadri Ramkumar

    Editor-in-Chief
    Dr. Seshadri Ramkumar
    Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Texas
    [email protected]
    Editorial Advisory Board
    Dr. Kamarul Ariffin Bin Noordin
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]
    Dr. Benjamin T.F. Chung
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, USA
    [email protected]
    Dr. Mohd Faiz Bin Mohd Salleh
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]
    Dr. Suhana Binti Mohd Said
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]
    Dr. Norrima Binti Mokhtar
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]
    Dr. Mohamadariff
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
    [email protected]

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